From e-recommendation to real-life experience: Social media and youth tourism behavior
Prepared by the researche : Ben Jeddou Abdelkader Mohieddine El Djilali / Ziane Achour University – Djelfa – Jakhdam Moussa / Amar Telidji University – Laghouat
DAC Democratic Arabic Center GmbH
Journal of cultural linguistic and artistic studies : Thirty-seventh Issue – September 2025
A Periodical International Journal published by the “Democratic Arab Center” Germany – Berlin
Journal of cultural linguistic and artistic studies
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Abstract
This study examines the relationship between social networking sites and tourism behavior among young people. The researcher introduces the most popular social networking sites used by young people, in terms of the imperative of using them by young people on the one hand, and on the other hand as a space for participation and interaction and providing the feature of permanent non-physical presence in addition to the clarity of the identities of these sites.
The study also presents the relationship of young people to social networking sites in the context that it is a window to promote and encourage tourism behavior as tourism is an investment that generates material returns on the country’s economy that helps raise international economies.
Introduction:
Tourism as a humanitarian phenomenon has experienced rapid developments related to scientific, economic, cultural, social and technological developments. Its importance has increased in the life of the current individual and has become an industry in its own right. The economies of many countries have relied on it, especially in light of the radical transformations witnessed by the global economy and in line with special technological developments and their interference in all aspects of an individual’s life, which has given technology a great strength and place in leading the global economy in all its sectors.
With a focus on the Internet and its applications, its significant impact on young people today, and on its ability to enter the fields of economic activities such as promotion, marketing and sales, especially as the search for the best types of products, services and competitive prices that have met the needs and desires of individuals takes place through the Internet.
Due to the characteristics of social networking sites, they have been characterized by the speed, spread and effects extending from the message to the medium to the public, within the same community or between communities, and in light of the developments in the tourism sector as one of the most important economic sectors and the most affected by competition due to major challenges and huge developments in the tourism industry, it was imperative for this sector to keep pace to ensure continuity. This has allowed the emergence of a new concept “e-tourism”, which has given countries interested in the tourism industry a great place in producing, promoting, marketing and spending tourism services and products, and taking advantage of the great opportunities provided by e-tourism by increasing the rate of economic growth and contributing to increasing foreign trade. E-tourism ensures that investors are increasingly and permanently attracted to visitors as potential customers and to maintain regular customers by influencing them by motivating their motives and understanding their needs.
1- A conceptual approach tosocial networks:
Language: In the linguistic definition we will try to compartmentalize the complex concept:
– St.BC: The network is mixing and interference, including the interlacing of fingers and the net. One of the windows is made of iron and the net in which it is caught and collected by a net, and the darkness is mixed.( Ibn Manzoor, D.T.:275)
– Communication: the two people communicated, met and agreed. (Ibn Manzoor, D.T. 341)
– Social: J.It is attributed to the meeting. It is social in nature: it has a view that tends to live with people in society and mix with them.( Ibn Manzoor, D.T.:206)
In English , social media literally means social media, but it is not the exact word to describe the interaction process. We also find another term social net working, i.e. networking, but the expression social networking is the most accurate.
- Terminologically: the term social refers to one of the instinctive needs that people have in building their lives. The nature of human life requires people to communicatewith each other.(Castells, and Custavocardoso, 2017:13)
Man is a social being, as many philosophers have known. He lives only in a group, unlike many animals that may live alone. Therefore, any idea or any new invention characterized by interaction must find its place among people or categories of people. This is what the idea of social networks has achieved.
Social networks are systems linked to one or more types of interdependence that include values, visions, shared ideas, social contact, kinship, conflict, financial and business exchanges, joint membership in these organizations and groups participating in a particular event, and many other aspects of human relations.
Al-Darab defined it as: “a group of websites on the Internet that appeared with the second generation of Web 2.0 that allows communication between individuals in a virtual community environment that unites them according to interest groups or networks of affiliation (country, university, school, company…) (Ryan, 2013:12). Safco defined social networks as: “the media we use to be social. (Ryan, 2013:12)
Al-Shehri believes that it is: “a system of electronic networks that allows subscribers to create their own website, then link it through an electronic social system with other members with the same interests and identities, or combine it with university or high school friends” (Al-Shehri, 2012:15). Boyd Indelicion also defines it as: “Internet-based services that allow individuals to do the following: (Nlichtand, and Isiegel, 2006: P.22-23)
- Building a public or semi-public profile within a specific framework.
- The list of users who share with each other appears.
- View the contact list and what others have done within the same system.
- Social networks andtheimperative of use:
A digital social network is a group of social identities created by individuals or organizations that have links as a result of social interaction. It is represented by a structure or dynamic form of a social group. The study of social networks is based on network theory using curves. Sociological analysis is the field of studying social networks and is created in order to expand and activate professional relationships or friendship.
Digital social networks are also called several names, including web 2.0, social digital networks, social networks, social media, social networking sites. A social network is a dynamic social structure formed by peaks and parties. Peaks refer to people or organizations and are linked to each other by social interactions. (Morsi, 2019: 135)
When talking about social networks, we find them as a result of the intensification of two aspects: on the one hand, the social and societal aspect, and the other side is the technological aspect and the Internet. From a social point of view, according to Waz Rumman, the social network is the sum of relationships between social entities (individuals). Communication between these individuals can be limited to cooperative relations, friendship, and bibliographic citations. These sources are official, informal, tangible and intangible. (Wasserman ,and Faust, 2014,P.11 ). In order to analyze social networks, Frost andWarsman consider it necessary to focus on three basic concepts:( Wasserman, andFaust, 2014, P.22)
- actors and their actions as independent entities.
- An environment that provides opportunities for players and puts pressure on their individual actions.
- Social, political and economic structures that have an impact on the nature of relations between players.
Thus, we have all the sociological concepts to define a social network: people, their relationships (connections), their affinities and the environment around them .
From a technological point of view, a network includes all the equipment connected to each other, which is used to transfer a flow of information. There are computer networks that we find in institutions, telephone networks, as well as the network of networks, which is the Internet, which allows linking relationships between thousands of people on a topic of common interest, allowing them to exchange information, or participate in events. All this happens remotely and without real communication. (Torlotting, 2009: P.09)
There are several names given to social networks such as: social programs. However, social programs are not the origin of the emergence of digital social networks. Everyone has their own social network, whether connected to the Internet or not. Social networks have always existed. We find international messaging clubs that were used to link relationships between individuals from different countries using messages. As for the Internet, it has contributed to the amplification of the phenomenon and the development of practices related to social networks, as called social media, which is the Internet based on applications ( APPLICATIONS ) that focus on building social networks or social relations between people with common interests or joint activities. Social networking sites mainly rely on the representation of each user (PROFILE profile ) as well as multiple other services that allow users to share values, ideas, activities, events, interests within their personal networks, in addition to expanding the framework of their applications by increasing their impact on society and government.( Morsi, 2011: 152)
The sociological explanation is closer to explaining the emergence of digital networks. The social instinct of an individual has made him always seek to get to know others by talking to them and trying to get to know them. Grooming by chatting on a computer contributes to creating tribal behavior over the Internet for an individual, as Janis Bledel calls it. Digital social networks, as Bledel says, “are not adjacent to a group of isolated individuals, but are a true social structure based on the cohesion of its members across two levels:
- within the group by participating in the use of language, symbols, emotional states.
- In contrast to the outside world, through Manichenne logic,where the two extremes “they” and “we” collide. (Morsi, 2011: 152)
Bledel adds that tribal strategies for survival depend on expanding their area of activity by doubling the number of friends on Facebook sites and defending them against external attacks (negative comments, harassment, moral provocation, vandalism).
After the formation of an electronic group via the Internet, they search for each other through their own independent spaces (games, entertainment, professional field), spaces where the individual feels that he is the center of attention of the group. This is called digital individuality in the network that generated the sense of social humanity.
Computer chat also generates a tendency to be together, always looking for others and wanting to extend ties with them. It is very similar to the social trend of being present with friends in cafes in normal social relations every evening. Therefore, the digital electronic field becomes the field of development of an individual’s identity, where he lives and develops, becoming the driver of the evolution of his identity and personality.
Social networks have become very popular among young people around the world. The number of subscribers to social networks has reached 47 million in France alone, accounting for 64 percent of the population, with an increase of 53 percent compared to 2017. Facebook ranked in the lead, according to the statistics of “Come Score.
In another statistical study issued by Strategy Analytics, the popularity of social sites is constantly increasing. The number of users of these sites is estimated at 646 million in 2011 to double in 2016 to 2 billion users. The number of users of social networking sites is expected to reach about 5 billion and five million users by about 2025. ( Al-Sahli,2016:123 )
As a result of this popularity, the most important media outlets have opened windows on social networks, such as satellite channels, in order to achieve more follow-up to their programs, as well as to obtain more information through these networks. David Pal, Professor of Marketing at Warrenton College, also believes that the success and continuity of these sites depends on their ability to attract the attention of their members. He says that some of these sites will come and go.
Social networks or social Internet have several advantages, the most important of which are: ( Morsi, 2011: 157-158)
- Participatory and interactive: Each member enriches his page in the network with all information related to him, whether his person (tastes, clothes, sports, music) or related to his culture, language, religion, traditions, or related to his country (by posting maps and pictures of his city, friends, some monuments in his country) that he wishes to deliver to the other party
- Permanent non-physical presence: The communication process does not require permanent presence. A member can call the other member by leaving a text message, pictures or information about movies, music or other areas of interest to the other person, who can respond in the same way without meeting at the same time. They can also communicate directly, whether through text chat or through oral chat using the microphone. Both cases require that one party be familiar with the other’s language (written and spoken) to facilitate communication. The culturally weaker party is often required to master the language of his speaker.
- Identity clarity: It is an automatic thing that happens between the two parties because the goal is to get to know the other and introduce the ego. In addition to the general characteristics of new media such as dissemination, ease of use and others.
The most important forms of social networks are: Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. This does not mean that there are other forms, but at least at the Arab level these forms are the most widespread, which has made them a field of study, including:
- Facebook:a social site on the Internet to make new friends and meet school friends around the world, or join different groups on the web. Subscribers to the site can subscribe to one or more networks, such as schools, workplaces, geographical areas, or social groups. These networks allow users to contact members who are in the same network. They can add friends to their pages and allow them to view their personal pages.( Laurent:24)
- Twitter: It is a small social blogging service that allows registered members to post small posts called tweet. Members can post and follow other people’s posts using several platforms and devices. They can respond or post to Twitter using a mobile phone by text message, or through the user interface on the site. (Laurent: 24)
- YouTube You Tube: a video sharing service site with the slogan “broadcast yourself” and allows its users to watch videos posted by other users, as well as upload their own videos. (Laurent: 25)
- The relationship of youthto social networks:
The relational link between the youth segment and this virtual environment is due to the large percentage of young actors in this environment. The topic of research on the relationship between these spaces and youth is one of the most addressed topics in most countries of the world because youth represent the most consuming social segment of these spaces.
Young people today are described as the generation of the thumbor the generation of nomads. Various new media in general provide opportunities for communication that young people integrate into their daily lives to maintain, form and enhance social ties and relationships. However, the increasing popularity of the means of communication has not compensated for other forms of communication, because young people use more than one means at the same time. (Boumaiza,2010 :209)
Researchers have addressed the relationship between youth and virtual spaces from different perspectives and in different cultural contexts, allowing a review of many concepts and classifications, and reaching a conclusion supported by many field data that these spaces form youth and in turn youth form these spaces. It is noted that young people in all countries of the world are more familiar with the Internet and mobile phones…It is the first force to adopt various new technologies, of which social networks are one of the results.
Young people show an urgent desire to express themselves freely. There is a willingness to rebel against the prevailing culture and traditions. Therefore, young people follow their own use strategies to adopt and adapt virtual spaces for cultural creativity and social communication (Boumaiza , 2010:209)
The spread of social networks has resulted in a steady increase in their use until the number of Twitter users in the Arab world has reached 9.5 million users, while the number of Facebook users has exceeded 980 million users in the world. It should be noted that these statistics are for 2016 and we can imagine the increase we have reached now. ( Pilot, DT:196).
In a report issued by Ericsson (Consumer Lab Unit) for the year 2015, Internet use in Algeria has grown to “an increase in its use among young people whose consumption habits have become similar to those of their counterparts in Europe and America.” The report stated that the increase in Internet use is driven by young people between 15 and 24 years of age, as their weekly usage habits for Internet services and smart applications are increasing. The report said that Algeria, like Morocco and Tunisia, is undergoing deep changes in the trends of ICT use, thanks to young people whose average is rising The Internet access rate is 70% . The report recorded that 97 percent of smartphone owners in the Maghreb and Algeria in particular use mobile applications in order to access social networks in the first place.( Hadoum,2015 :19)
Technological changes and the development of information and communication technology have imposed modern forms of dealing, especially e-tourism services, which have become an inevitable necessity that no tourist activity can ignore. This has led to the emergence of various tourist sites on the Internet, which are not only used in e-tourism marketing, but also the possibility of booking and electronic payment for tourist trips. As a result, the concept of e-tourism has emerged in recent years. This new concept has led to the formation of a new image of the tourism industry and the promotion of its products by not relying only on cultural and cultural heritage as the only factor in tourist attraction, but by exploiting the concept of investment in culture and information tourism.
- What is Maghreb tourism:
4.1. The concept of tourism:
The first thing we will try to address is to give a meaning to the concept of tourism in terms of terminology. The definition of this meaning has also differed from the point of view of scholars to tourism in terms of its essence. It is a new science that has been formed by a number of other sciences, so there are many definitions, different approaches and different goals and results.
In order to identify and define the concept of tourism, we review the concepts, definitions and theoretical trends related to it:
Linguistic definition: Tourism is a language that is the strike in the land. It is derived from water and its tourism. It is a tourist if it happens on Earth. Tourism is going to the land for worship and intimidation, and there is tourism in the land, and there is tourism in the land, and there is tourism in the land.
Therefore, we say that the word tourism is an Arabic word known to Arabs since ancient times. It is mentioned in the Holy Quran.
In English, we find the word Tour, which means touring or turning around. What is the word Tourism. It was first used in the late 18th century in England to refer to the journey of English nobles to Europe, especially to France, to continue studying. Then its use was transferred to European countries to refer to a person traveling for the purpose of recreation, learning or recovery. The word Tour is the predecessor of what we today call Tourism in English. The words Tourist and Tourism were transferred to almost all languages at the end of the 19th century and specific definitions and concepts were described. In 1937, tourists were defined by experts for statistical purposes as: “Anyone traveling without pleasure away from their place of residence for more than 24 hours and less than a year. Transfers of less than 24 hours are considered trips.” . (Boyer,1996:93)
Now we will know some definitions for a number of scientists, researchers and those interested in tourism.
Terminologicaldefinition: TheLaroussedictionary defines tourism as: “a group of activities related to travel and recreation or the activity of traveling and visiting a sitefor pleasure and entertainment. ”(la rousse,1997).
The Petit Robert dictionary defined tourism as: “activities related to the movement of tourists and their stay outside their home.”(Le petit robert,1987:1018)
As for the glossary of social sciences terms, tourism is defined as: “Anyone moving from their place of residence to a place of residence for a relatively short period of time and spending from their savings rather than working in the place they visit. Tourists may seek to visit, spend vacation, health or study. Thus, tourists move as consumers rather than producers. Tourism may be internal or external.”
In 1905, E. Guyer Feuller(German) defined tourism as: “a phenomenon that arises from the increasing need for rest, recreation, change of atmosphere, sense and taste of nature, and a sense of joy and pleasure in staying in areas of a special nature. It is the result of advanced means of transportation” (Kamal, 1975 : 13)
This definition concerned only the humanitarian and psychological aspects and neglected the economic and cultural aspects. In 1910, the Austrian scientist (Hermann von Sholleron) defined Herman von Sholleron as: “the term used to refer to all overlapping processes, especially those economic processes related to the entry, temporary stay and spread of foreignerswithin the borders of a specific region or country.”(Hussein, 1975:24 )
This definition focused on the economic aspect of tourism and neglected the psychological and cultural aspect. In 1935 , the Swiss scientist (Glaxman) R.Glucksman is defined as: “a set of interrelationships that arise between a person who is temporarily in a place and between people who stay in thatplace.”(Abdul Aziz, 1997: 22-96)
This definition focuses only on the human relationships that arise between the tourist and the indigenous people. In 1959 , the Swiss scientist (Hunzember), president of the International Association of World Tourism Experts, defined it as: “a set of relationships and phenomena that result from the travel and temporary stay of a foreign person in a place, so that they are not transformed into permanent residence and are not linked to an activity that makes a profit for the foreign person.”
Definition of bodies and conferences: The Scientific Tourism Organization has defined tourism as: “a humanitarian activity and a social phenomenon based on the movement of individuals from their place of permanent residence to other areas outside their communities for a temporary period of at least 24 hours and not more than a full year for the purpose of known tourism except study and work.”(Hijab, 2002: 21-22)
At the Ottawa Conference in Canada in1991 , tourism was defined as: “activities carried out by a person traveling to a place outside his usual environment for a certain period of time. The purpose of travel is not to practice an activity from which he gains income in the place to which he travels”(Mosaad,2002:61-62)
The International Tourism Academy defines it as: “a term called recreational trips. On this basis, it is a group of humanitarian activities mobilized to achieve this type of recreational trips. It is an industry that cooperates to meet the needs of tourists” (Haroun, 2000:126).
This definition considered tourism to be a stand-alone industry. The Swiss school of thought defined it by General Kraft & Hunziker as: “a set of phenomena and relationships that arise as a result of the travel and temporary stay of a foreign person, so that they do not become permanent residence or are linked to paid work.” (Tessa, 1993 : 21)
From the above, we conclude that tourism is a social phenomenon that consists of moving an individual from the country in which they usually reside to another country for a purpose other than immigration or work. It is a combination of different economic, social and cultural sectors. Therefore, it has become a social phenomenon consisting of satisfying the desires of individuals such as rest, recreation, learning and attending cultural, sports and commercial events. On the other hand, it is an industry specialized in providing services and contributing like other sectors to economic and social development.
Now we review some definitions for a number of scientists, researchers and those interested in tourism. Tourism is essentially a science that has been formed by many other sciences.
Its definition is among scholars: economists consider tourism from the point of view of demand for travel services, transportation, accommodation (hotels, apartments, camps) and all goods services related to the specific journey. On the supply side, they consider it an industry producing the mentioned services.
Sociologists consider tourism as a desire to learn about other types of social relations, or the cultures, customs and traditions of other peoples. Others believe that tourism helps social mobility that takes place voluntarily or voluntarily.(Al-Hamami,2018 :11)
As for anthropologists, they consider tourism as a means of cultural and cultural communication that helps to form a national character and reduce social distances between peoples.
As for legal scholars, they are interested in introducing or studying tourism to the official procedures of transfer, the method of entry, the period of stay allowed, the legislation of institutions and bodies based on tourism and attention to tourists.(Ibrahim, 2006: 36)
On the cultural side, tourism focuses on the culture of the places and individuals we visit. It also focuses on the culture of visitors in relation to the cultural heritage of folklore, monuments, traditions, customs and values… etc., and the way of thinking of individuals is subject to good or bad changes. The need for rest enables individuals to discover several civilizations and peoples.(Organization Mondial du Tourisme , 2000:09)
4.2. Types of Tourism:
Tourism divisions differ according to the criteria for its division and with the different goals to be reached. In this study, we will rely on the criteria of goals and desires that tourists seek to achieve.
4.2.1.Cultural Tourism:
It means any recreation in which the main motivation is to seek knowledge other than discovering an urban heritage, such as historical and religious monuments or spiritual heritage, similar to national and local traditions and customs.
4-2-2.Recreational tourism:
The main motivation behind it is a person’s desire to enjoy and entertain oneself. This style of tourism includes practicing various hobbies such as fishing, diving in the seas and skiing in snow. It also includes visiting mountainous and desert areas and seaside beaches that provide calm, comfort and stability. This type of tourism is based on two main branches: beach tourism and desert tourism.
4.2.3.Medical Tourism:
The World Tourism Federation defined it as providing health facilities using the country’s natural resources, especially mineral water and climate.
Medical tourism can be defined as the movement of people from their home countries to other countries in order to benefit from the natural elements God has given to these areas in the field of treatment and hospitalization.
4.2.4.Sports Tourism:
In the current era, sports tourism has become one of the most important types of tourism because it provides important revenues in addition to introducing various other forms of tourism and other sectors in countries exporting this type of tourism. It depends on a range of sports activities such as car racing, snow skiing and other sports activities.
4.3. What is the basis of tourism:
4-3-1. Tourism demand: means the sum of trends, desires and reactions towards a specific area. The desire to travel also reflects a secondary motivation in the hierarchy of psychological motives, after the original motives that are based on biological foundations such as hunger, thirst and others.
4-3-2.Tourism offer: Tourismoffer consists of a set of elements and components that are not homogeneous in terms of their nature, but are complementary in order to satisfy the different desires of tourists.
Simply put, the tourist offer is all the temptations and means that can be offered to tourists. The tourism offer has three main characteristics, as follows:
– Inflexibility and unchangeability according to tourists’ desires and tastes, especially for natural and historical elements.
– The independence of its elements from each other, as this natural is independent of the industrial.
– Tourism products are not transmitted to tourists, but the opposite happens.
4-3-3. Tourism marketing: This is the administrative and technical activity carried out by bodies and institutions inside and outside the country to identify current and potential tourism markets and influence them to develop international tourism traffic coming from them.
Tourism marketing includes marketing and introducing tourism products, internally and externally in the global tourism market through organized channels in order to raise different motives among tourists in order to raise demand for tourism products for tourist-exporting countries and generate growth in international tourism traffic.
In fact, the process of stimulating tourism marketing depends on the strength of the tourism product, the role of the media in introducing the components of the tourism country, as well as the security and political conditions in the tourism exporting country and the importing country.
4.3.4. Tourism revenues and tourism investment:
4-3-4-1: Tourism revenues:all revenues generated by the state from tourists and what tourism generates as an economic activity and as a tax base, in addition to what is achieved by individuals, national companies, public and private institutions in the field of tourism, hotels, aviation and navigation. These revenues are affected by a range of factors and variables, including:
- The strength of the country’s tourism product.
- The level of different tourism services in the country
- Prices of tourism goods and services in the country.
- The extent of tourism awareness in the country.
- The ability of tourists to spend tourism.
- The nature of the political and economic system in the tourist-exporting country and in the tourist-exporting countries, as well as the relationship between the two countries.
-The security situation in the tourist-exporting country.
– The size of the natural and material resources available in the tourist country.
4.3.4.2: Tourism investment: It isthe total amount spent in the tourism sector and the foreign investments attracted by the State directed to this sector. Tourism investment is one of the most promising activities because of its great opportunities for success and achieving significant financial returns. The development of tourism investment also depends on the extent of the flow of local and foreign capital to invest in tourism, in addition to the strength of the tourism product offered, the volume of demand for it in the global tourism market and the extent to which the country is interested in the tourism marketing element to introduce its tourism product.
4.4. Principles and conditions for practicing tourism:
– The availability of specific entry centers that provide tourists with the necessary information about the tourism area through the local community of the area.
– Sound management of natural resources and biodiversity in environmentally sustainable ways.
– Establishing strict and effective laws to accommodate the numbers of tourists, protect them and protect environmental sites at the same time.
– Integrating local community residents, raising awareness and educating them in the environment and tourism, and providing economic income projects by developing tourism industries and improving their living conditions.
– Cooperation in order to make ecotourism successful with the cooperation of various sectors concerned with tourism and environment together.
4.5: Conducting a process to organize tourism: There are a number of standards that are considered practical procedures for regulating tourism, the most important of which are:
– Respecting local, regional and international laws related to environmental issues and the preservation of cultural heritage.
– Take into account the absorption capacity and not exceed it.
– Developing environmental awareness for local residents.
– Choose means of transport that do not pollute the environment.
Encouraging recycling, recycling and organic farming.
Conclusion:
Modern technologies, especially the Internet, have acquired very strategic economic and developmental dimensions, benefiting all sectors. They have transformed the traditional economy into a digital knowledge economy in which intangible resources – knowledge and information – represent the most important means of production. Modern technologies have become a vital factor in bringing about integrated development. Using them for business operations to increase income generation and increase labor productivity has reduced the cost of transactions, increased the opportunity to access markets, link customers with each other and other advantages they provide to both suppliers and consumers.
With the diversity, spread and ease of use of social networks, and Internet coverage for all regions of the globe, several new concepts have emerged such as e-commerce, e-management, e-marketing and e-tourism. These concepts have been known to many countries and used in the framework of strategies to promote their tourism sector
Since tourism as a social and economic phenomenon is a factor of development and an activity that complements other economic, cultural and social activities, and as an integrated industry that includes planning, investment, promotion and marketing of its products, the development of tourism services and attention to quality has become one of the most important foundations for increasing competitiveness in the tourism sector of the three countries. On this basis, the attention of tourism activity to Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco through tourism development strategies has focused on developing services, improving their quality, providing e-tourism requirements and rehabilitating the human factor.
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