The impact of artificial intelligence on international relations
Prepared by the researche : Dr. Zakariya Hassan hussein Abu Dames & Ph.D. Ilham Abdul Rahim Al-Alan – Jordan-amman
Democratic Arabic Center
Journal of Afro-Asian Studies : Twenty-Third Issue – November 2024
A Periodical International Journal published by the “Democratic Arab Center” Germany – Berlin
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Abstract
This study examined the impact of artificial intelligence on international relations in light of new technological developments, as a modern phenomenon that has highlighted both positive and negative aspects. This phenomenon has been increasingly concerning in international affairs and the strategic interests of nations and peoples.
The realistic view of this phenomenon is evolving and increasing at the expense of individuals and their professional interests in particular. In light of these developments, developed countries and the United Nations have been reviewing legal legislations and defining the scope allowed for serving humanity; several scenarios addressing this matter have emerged. And the study concluded its results with recommendations.
Introduction
Technology has played multiple roles within different time frames, accelerating in recent decades to the fourth digital technology and the beginnings of the fifth industrial revolution, which contributed to the growth of artificial intelligence capabilities and greater human control over smart machines. This has had a clear impact on international relations in various ways and methods, leading to the reshaping of the international system in new forms. Here, the impact of this technology on international relations and the global system becomes clear; for example, the end of World War II and its consequences played a prominent role in shaping new determinants of global power that led the world into the post-war era, significantly affecting relations between countries.
From here, this study will focus on the impact that artificial intelligence has had on international relations, through a problem that states that there is a clear effect left by artificial intelligence on vast areas of international relations; as artificial intelligence develops, its impact on the structure of international relations and their various developments increases.
Based on the study’s problem, several questions have emerged, including the nature of artificial intelligence and the impact it has on international relations. And do the effects of this intelligence lean towards negative or positive aspects?
And what impact can artificial intelligence have on international relations?
Based on the aforementioned, the objective and importance of the study will be clarified to illustrate the role played by artificial intelligence in shaping the structure of relations between countries, on new frameworks that contribute to forming an international system that serves various technological developments. Additionally, it will shed light on one of the most crucial issues in shaping the system of relations between countries, based on which political tools and international agreements have begun to change in a way that serves this new development.
And all of that with the explanation and clarification of the terms of artificial intelligence, international relations, treaties, and international agreements. With the study relying on the historical method to narrate some historical facts, in addition to the descriptive-analytical method to clarify the scientific material, leading to the results and recommendations.
The concept of artificial intelligence
.Intelligence is the ability to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the challenges of the surrounding environment. Thanks to evolution and learning, humans have become capable of solving problems, making decisions, and adapting to situational factors. Artificial intelligence essentially involves extending these capabilities to machines, and thus, artificial intelligence is the ability of a machine to evaluate its surroundings and choose behaviors from a given option that lead to the greatest chance of success.
The concept of artificial intelligence in English is (Artificial Intelligence):
it is a term that refers to the ability to control robots or digital devices using a computer that mimics and simulates the motor and cognitive processes performed by advanced beings like humans. Since the development of the computer in the 1940s, the concept of artificial intelligence has also evolved and entered various fields of life significantly, reaching the point of performing human tasks that require complex abilities such as analysis and deduction, like: perfectly simulating a chess game and proving mathematical theories.
In recent years, there has been significant interest in artificial intelligence and a rapid acceleration in its development. And accompanying these developments are discussions about the potential social, economic, political, and security impacts of artificial intelligence. And observing the extent of the impact of artificial intelligence on international relations, especially the extent of the impact of technology on the work of ministries, national institutions, government officials, and politicians.
Artificial intelligence has deep roots, dating back to the 1950s as an academic discipline.
The term was officially coined by John McCarthy in 1956. However, this concept did not receive much attention, and by the 1970s and early 1980s, scientists found it difficult to fund artificial intelligence projects in the United States. This field has thrived alongside the rapid development in the field of computing. With the increase in processing power and the data that machines can “learn from,” the field of artificial intelligence has developed at an enormous pace, moving from chess strategies to allowing self-driving cars to roam the roads within two decades.
John McCarthy described artificial intelligence as “the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs.” The development of deep learning and neural networks in the late 1990s sparked interest in artificial intelligence and increased optimism about its potential applications in various fields.
McCarthy held a two-month workshop at Dartmouth College, which brought together researchers interested in artificial neural networks. Although it did not lead to any discoveries, it united the founders of artificial intelligence and laid the foundation for future research. It is worth noting that this workshop opened the door to an intensive wave of research in artificial intelligence, leading to the establishment of AI research centers such as Carnegie Mellon and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which focused on system creation and problem-solving, such as location identification systems.
In 1997, IBM’s chess-playing computer Deep Blue defeated grandmaster Garry Kasparov in a series of controversial matches, and the machine’s victory was seen as the first sign that computer makers and software engineers had finally begun to realize their dreams of creating a machine “as smart as” humans. Thus, artificial intelligence is the machine’s ability to evaluate its surroundings and choose those behaviors from a given set of options that lead to the greatest chance of success.
And it is important to remember that artificial intelligence took only two decades to move from playing chess to driving cars, and in half a century it will be enough to reach the point of singularity. As technology continues to evolve, concerns about the singularity and the mass proliferation of artificial intelligence are sure to become a major issue in international relations within a few years.
It is worth noting that at the Global Summit on Artificial Intelligence for Good 2023, in his welcoming speech, UN Secretary-General António Guterres said: “Artificial intelligence is making headlines every day, and these headlines are not always positive.” Technology leaders and experts warn of the potential risks of artificial intelligence, from the development and use of autonomous lethal weapons to misinformation and disinformation that undermine democracy.
The increasing convergence of artificial intelligence coincided with Guterres’ statements, in addition to the recent far-reaching developments that will have implications for the international balance of power; through shaping economic competition, global technological leadership, military capabilities, geopolitical influence, ethical and value-based regulation, as well as the social impact on all of humanity.
Moreover, in 2023, U.S. President Joe Biden briefly summarized the profound impacts of artificial intelligence on humanity, noting that “we will see more technological change in the next ten years – and perhaps the next five years – than we have seen in the past fifty.”
The past … Artificial intelligence accelerates this change.
These statements confirm that artificial intelligence is a force with far-reaching impacts on the future and will accelerate the geopolitical transformation in the world. Over the past twenty years, “traditional artificial intelligence” has become widely prevalent, leading to the operation of advertising algorithms, content recommendations, and social media targeting. Now, artificial intelligence has come to the forefront, as it has been recognized as an innovation that changes the paradigm, not just a passing trend or a cycle of noise.
The concept of international relations.
It is one of the most important branches of political science, through which political phenomena are dealt with in their theoretical and practical dimensions and with various analyses to reach the truth since the organization of human gatherings into states.
In light of addressing bilateral and multilateral interactions between countries and the determinants of international behavior in the realm of foreign policy. So these interactions proceeded in two patterns among different countries.
Throughout the ages, the first was conflictual and the second was cooperative, despite the predominance of the first pattern among international interactions. Even in the second pattern, the cooperative interests between countries prevail. Theories emerged to analyze and explain the phenomena of international conflict and cooperation, especially with the beginning of the twentieth century and beyond, and the emergence of intellectual schools that took an important part in the analysis, starting with idealism and passing through realism and behavioralism… And other schools.
With the expansion of research in this field, it has a definition related to the activities and interactions of states in their various political, economic, ideological, legal, and diplomatic relations outside the framework of the same states. This includes the state’s activities in the external domain, meaning its relations with other states, in addition to international organizations as a new term in the structure of international relations. Each state will act in its external domain in accordance with its internal situation and will adopt its external policy in light of this situation, as a state cannot live in isolation from other states or the external world.
From here, its movement becomes effective in the international arena to achieve its interests, and all of this is related to the two defined patterns of conflict and cooperation, noting that the conflict pattern can take multiple forms and is not limited to the armed aspect only.
Artificial Intelligence and International Relations
The importance of artificial intelligence in international relations lies in the crucial role played by diplomacy and foreign policy in enhancing international cooperation to regulate and develop artificial intelligence. Additionally, artificial intelligence has the ability to significantly boost political efforts and facilitate achieving better outcomes in various diplomatic and foreign endeavors to reach a relatively peaceful consensus among countries.
Among the many uses of artificial intelligence in diplomacy, the ability to provide descriptive analyses of an event during crises for embassies and diplomats, avoiding language barriers, and enabling them to communicate in real-time. Given the high level of uncertainty in decision-making during crises and the likelihood of errors or breaches, the integration of artificial intelligence in this field is expected to succeed if humans retain their authority over the decision-making process.
One important example of the modern use of artificial intelligence in diplomacy is the case of Chinese foreign policy. According to politicians, academics, and bureaucrats in China, artificial intelligence should be viewed as an assistant in the daily decision-making process, capable of providing inputs, suggestions, and recommendations within seconds.
The administration believes that artificial intelligence could allow for the issuance of political, diplomatic, and international judgments that do not involve human emotions. Since artificial intelligence in China is not yet ready to replace diplomats and government officials.
Among humans, it is undeniable that the government is moving quickly towards this goal, especially with the plan to develop next-generation artificial intelligence.
The Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan is one of the programs initiated by the Chinese government to support AI education, and the purpose of this effort is to equip students with AI knowledge to better meet the needs of the job market. The government is working on introducing artificial intelligence courses and programs in primary, secondary, and higher education. To provide research and practical training in the field of artificial intelligence, the government has strengthened partnerships between academic institutions and the private sector.
China’s artificial intelligence policy, which includes intensifying its research efforts through education and maintaining its competitiveness in the global market, has a strong impact on diplomatic relations and, consequently, on the global power structure. This could lead to a shift in the balance of power in the world and escalate competition between countries, especially regarding technology and the use of artificial intelligence in vital areas such as defense, economy, and infrastructure.
On the contrary, insufficient efforts have been made to apply artificial intelligence in conflict resolution frameworks despite significant progress in resolving conflicts legally. And therefore, there is concern about the proliferation of weapons that operate with artificial intelligence, such as drones.
The first era of drones witnessed the use of drones by states against non-state actors, the second era saw the widespread use of commercial drones by non-state actors against state actors, and the third era of drones will see state-provided drones becoming proxy war weapons everywhere.
With the advancement in making important political decisions using artificial intelligence and information processing, smart warfare is increasingly becoming the norm. This is particularly evident in the fields of AI-driven communication systems, cloud computing, cyber warfare, intelligence analysis, precision-guided airstrikes, predictive analytics, supply chain management, as well as command systems like the Joint All-Domain Command and Control in the United States. Smart warfare has the potential to influence cognitive domain operations, so when paired with psychological operations, it will have cognitive control over the decision-making processes of civilian, military, and political adversaries.
AI researcher Eliezer Yudkowsky says that future AI could become “extremely persuasive” by deploying an industrial virus capable of altering a person’s neurology to make them more easily persuaded. Even if current AI cannot yet be considered a weapon of mass destruction, it still possesses deterrent enabling traps.
Foreign policy and international security are also considered hot topics when discussing the use of artificial intelligence and its risks in international politics. Technological developments in the field of artificial intelligence have raised new issues for discussion on the international stage, imposed challenges on international relations, provided a useful tool for diplomats and negotiators, and raised concerns about human rights.
The increasing use of artificial intelligence in foreign policy may also raise concerns, as there will come a time when foreign policy will be ideally decided by artificial intelligence, with merely human oversight. For example, many researchers are concerned that artificial intelligence may pose potential dangers to humanity in some years.
It is already clear that the multiple aspects of contemporary artificial intelligence and machine learning have a strong impact on how countries handle their foreign policy. For example, China has already unveiled a toolkit for foreign policy related to artificial intelligence alongside the “New Generation Plan,” which aims to position China as a global leader in the field of artificial intelligence by 2030 and create a race for the application of artificial intelligence worldwide.
The United States, Canada, and Russia are among the countries that have demonstrated how the AI revolution has permeated their foreign ministries. Artificial intelligence has also emerged as a key tool in many subjects, especially concerning military power such as cybersecurity, threat detection, and combat, as well as sectors like international security, the use of autonomous weapon systems, and monitoring agreements.
It is of utmost importance for predictive analysis to analyze international relations in order to prevent conflicts and implement a peaceful solution. However, artificial intelligence technology is not yet advanced enough to detect and implement strategies for solving international crises and “ruling the world” in the future.
We should consider how artificial intelligence can change the balance of power. Artificial intelligence has the potential to reshape global power dynamics, raising concerns about the growing arms race, especially between the United States and China, who are competing for supremacy in the field of artificial intelligence. There are parallel concerns about an imminent era characterized by rising international competition.
Emerging weapon systems, such as lethal autonomous weapon systems, are intensifying concerns about technological advancements that exacerbate global instability and create one-sided advantages for early technology developers. Moreover, there is a prevailing assumption that countries skilled in leveraging the impact of artificial intelligence on business and the economy will secure a significant advantage by moving early. In light of this, the role of diplomats becomes increasingly crucial.
Additionally, artificial intelligence can play a role in shaping narratives, managing influence campaigns, and combating misinformation in the field of information warfare. With the increasing recognition of the potential applications of artificial intelligence in the field of information, especially in the context of modern conflicts and geopolitical struggles.
The escalating competition between the United States and China, the wars in Europe and the Middle East, and the changing global alliances have led to the most turbulent geopolitical period since the Cold War.
At the same time, we are witnessing what may be the most significant innovation since the internet: the rise of generative artificial intelligence capable of producing texts and images, representing a transformative moment that could impact market trajectories and alter the balance of power between nations. The increasing capability of artificial intelligence will profoundly affect issues of growth, productivity, competition, national defense, and human culture. In this rapidly evolving arena, both business leaders and politicians are striving to decode the impacts of this sudden and powerful wave of innovation, explore new opportunities, and navigate new risks.
With the public release of ChatGPT on November 30, 2022, the geopolitical and technological revolutions defining our era collided, and over the past twenty years, “traditional artificial intelligence” has become widely prevalent, leading to the operation of advertising algorithms, content recommendations, and social media targeting. But its power and influence were largely hidden in the applications.
Now, generative AI has taken the lead, with popular user interfaces. Generative AI has been globally recognized as a game-changing innovation, not a passing trend. With the rapid pace of innovation, we have now entered a period we call the years of reciprocal AI, when leaders in every sector are working to understand what generative AI means for them and how they can seize opportunities while mitigating risks.
In this scenario, geopolitical competition remains a constant and ever-present force, shaping interactions between countries. Despite the numerous disagreements on various fronts, the United States, China, and Russia find common ground in recognizing the transformative potential of artificial intelligence and its ability to reshape the global balance of power. In the contemporary geopolitical arena, these major competitors strategically place artificial intelligence at the core of their national strategies. In 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin emphasized the importance of artificial intelligence, stating: “Artificial intelligence is not just the future of Russia, but the future of all mankind.”
The General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping, also affirmed their commitment to focusing on national strategic needs, with an emphasis on leading scientific and technological research to ensure victory in critical core technologies. And what is meant here is the revolution of artificial intelligence.
In the current scene, as previously expected, the United States and China are emerging as superpowers in the field of artificial intelligence. However, the future trajectory of artificial intelligence is not determined solely by these two countries. In fact, the European Union is also making significant efforts to become a leader in the field of artificial intelligence, while Russia is heavily investing in military applications of the technology.
Although the United States and China stand as the foremost competitors in the field of artificial intelligence, they are also pivotal collaborators in this domain.
According to the 2023 Stanford University AI Index report, despite the escalating geopolitical competition, collaboration in AI research between these two countries has quadrupled from 2010 to 2021. However, it is worth noting that the pace of cooperation has significantly slowed down in recent years, and this trend is expected to continue. In an era where artificial intelligence has become an extremely important field, cooperation, competition, and confrontation between the United States and China extend across economic, technological, political, and military domains.
The complexities of this relationship highlight the multifaceted nature of their interactions in the field of artificial intelligence.
While they compete for supremacy and strive for technological advancement independently, they also find common ground in certain collaborative efforts. This delicate dynamic reflects the intertwined nature of global AI development, where cooperation and competition coexist, shaping the landscape of progress and innovation in the field of artificial intelligence.
There are currently more than two thousand companies in the United States working in the field of artificial intelligence. Enhanced efforts by the Chinese state have placed China at the forefront of innovation, and many believe that the country could become a leading expert in the field of artificial intelligence in the world by 2030. And if it manages to do so, it is likely that China will work to shape global policy until 2100.
And despite both the United States and China enjoying strong infrastructure support and the ability to spend vast amounts of money on research and development. This will certainly lead to a unipolar or bipolar model of international relations, where the Eastern and Western giants impose international political laws as they do on a limited scale today.
The military and economic power of the United States, along with China’s increasing dominance as the world’s factory, has made other state actors wary of them, as many are subject to their needs and demands. And if the two succeed in seizing the initiative in the field of artificial intelligence, it could lead to a technological race akin to a Cold War at the top, leaving other countries struggling to catch up.
Given the almost continuous state of tension that India experiences with China, its emergence as a leader in artificial intelligence could severely damage India’s interests, and even its sovereign territories. India has managed to keep the Chinese away from its borders through a combination of military strength, strategic efforts, and diplomacy. However, if China gains leadership in the field of artificial intelligence, the balance may shift in favor of the People’s Liberation Army, enabling it to implement long-range war strategies. Therefore, India needs to strengthen its artificial intelligence sector and engage actively to ensure its interests remain protected.
Initial steps have been taken in this direction.
The Indian research center NITI Aayog issued a national strategy for artificial intelligence in 2018, focusing on five sectors: healthcare, agriculture, education, smart cities and infrastructure, and smart mobility and transportation. While the defensive and foreign angles remain untouched for now, the internal development of local artificial intelligence can go a long way in enhancing India’s position in international relations.
The emergence and rapid spread of artificial intelligence have begun to change fundamental international structures and processes in many ways. One of the important fields is the military field, where artificial intelligence systems are trained to respond to threats. It is known that South Korea has deployed such a system of automated weapons on its troubled shared border with North Korea.
The ever-changing military landscape has always been a driving force behind a changing international order – after the fall of the Soviet Union, America emerged as the leader of a unipolar world, backed by its military (and economic) power. As discussed above, artificial intelligence now offers the same capabilities that nuclear power once provided in the field of international relations.
Artificial intelligence can also change the game in the field of espionage and intelligence, starting from the manufacture of destabilizing fake news and campaigns against hostile countries to preventing human agents from operating within the country through surveillance.
On a simpler level, artificial intelligence can help diplomats manage the increasing volume of information by extracting patterns and insights that enable better decision-making. Among other potential applications is “scenario simulation,” where different strategies and possibilities are input into the AI system, which then calculates the potential outcomes.
It is also important to note that artificial intelligence in itself has become a subject of concern, controversy, and cooperation in international relations. The United Nations, the highest body of international relations in the world today, has begun holding meetings and discussing the nature and impacts of artificial intelligence on the world.
In relation to the European Union, a historic achievement was made in the early days of December when the European Commission, the Parliament, and the member states reached an agreement on the AI Act, which represents a long-awaited reform and has been described as “the first comprehensive legal framework for artificial intelligence in the world.” While the final text is still pending, it is likely that this agreement will be ratified before the European Union elections in 2024.
And although the European Union has fewer and smaller AI companies compared to the United States or China, the EU AI Act carries significant commercial and geopolitical implications.
The population of the European Union is 450 million, making it the largest demographic bloc in the West and a major global trade player. The proposed regulatory framework in the AI Act has the potential not only to shape the development and adoption of AI within the European Union but also to exert influence on a global scale.
The proposed text includes extraterritorial applications for both providers and users, indicating that the outlined regulatory measures could extend beyond the borders of the European Union. While the European Union may have inherent limitations in leading artificial intelligence due to the size and scope of its private AI companies, the AI Act positions the EU as a significant player in the global AI landscape.
The impacts are widespread, which could affect how artificial intelligence is developed and adopted worldwide. By integrating applications beyond territorial borders, the AI Act emphasizes the ability to influence and regulate AI-related activities outside its direct jurisdiction. The regulatory standards set by the European Union could become a benchmark for the development of responsible and ethical artificial intelligence, potentially shaping the path for global AI governance.
As for the United Arab Emirates, it launched an ambitious strategy for artificial intelligence and appointed Abu Dhabi as the world’s first Minister of Artificial Intelligence in 2017. With a focus on rapid innovation in the field of artificial intelligence, the UAE has established training programs in artificial intelligence with the University of Oxford and founded the Mohammed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence. The United Arab Emirates’ artificial intelligence strategy focuses on a different approach than its counterparts, aiming to become “the most prepared country for artificial intelligence in the world.” The UAE could provide alternative AI ecosystems for non-superpower nations, becoming a crucial partner and a competitive arena for the United States and China.
The United Arab Emirates has made extensive preparations in the field of artificial intelligence.
It is worth noting that AI and cloud computing companies based in the UAE have recruited talent from various countries, including Israel, Indonesia, China, Singapore, and others. This recruitment campaign is part of a major investment exceeding $10 billion dedicated to enhancing artificial intelligence within the country. In the absence of a local semiconductor manufacturing industry, the United Arab Emirates strategically utilized its substantial capital resources to acquire thousands of advanced chips, with a particular focus on purchases from Western countries.
This approach emphasizes the state’s commitment to staying at the forefront of technological advancement, even in areas that may lack local production capabilities. Strategic investment in both human capital and technological infrastructure positions the United Arab Emirates as a prominent player in the global artificial intelligence landscape, demonstrating its commitment to fostering innovation and excellence in the field of AI.
Public opinion and opposition are not something that can be easily ignored. No matter the state’s strategic interests and benefits from artificial intelligence, public discourse can be extremely powerful in shaping the future of AI, just as it was with nuclear weapons. A number of prominent industrialists and scientists, including Stephen Hawking, Bill Gates, and Elon Musk, have expressed their concerns about the effects of artificial intelligence on humans.
And although many reject such a terrifying scenario as a dark science fiction, it is important to remember that artificial intelligence has taken only two decades to move from playing chess to driving cars. And even half a century might be enough to reach the singularity. And if technology continues on its current path, concerns about the singularity and the mass proliferation of artificial intelligence are likely to become a major issue in international relations within a few years.
Conclusion
There is no doubt that the rapid technological developments have contributed to the increase of complex technologies in the world, especially among major countries, which has strengthened their control over the world. This is particularly true since the nature of their strategic interests is the primary basis for their leading position, indifferent to the rest of the world. Thus, the use of technology in its various forms becomes fundamental to the nature of their relations with the rest of the world, making the international scene more opaque and complex. Future predictions indicate a state of instability and increased risks. Therefore, the results were as follows:
1- There will be a positive impact on all countries and peoples of the earth if technology and these techniques are used through continuous cooperation, and this will inevitably reflect on all countries of the world.
2- Building on the first result, if this technology, with its various techniques such as artificial intelligence, is used negatively, it will complicate and endanger the international scene, potentially leading to widespread destruction that will affect all countries and their peoples.
3- Activating the role of the United Nations as the guardian of this world and its affairs, and as the highest international body in concluding agreements and treaties that limit the spread of the negative aspects of artificial intelligence technology among various countries of the world.
4- The presence of significant competition that may increase over time to possess artificial intelligence technology, which could disrupt the international scene in the future.
Recommendations :
1- Creating a global climate aimed at harmony and alignment towards the benevolent nature that serves the global human, which requires swift action from international entities and legal persons to achieve various positive goals.
2- Benefit from the expertise and knowledge of advanced countries in this field by sending scientific missions to prepare qualified and trained young cadres to handle this technology.
3- Concluding bilateral agreements between countries for the optimal use of such technologies to protect the world’s nations from any possible dangers.
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– Sebastian Wenning, (2023) “What is the Impact of Artificial Intelligence Strategy on Potential Outcomes of Chinese Foreign Policy and Economic Development?”, article in the journal Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal. doi: 10.14738/assrj.104.14416. 1A
– Previous reference: Artificial Intelligence and International Affairs 1b
– Previous reference: Artificial Intelligence and International Affairs: Australian Institute of International Affairs.
– Katrina E. Here and others, (2019). Mapping the challenges and opportunities imposed by artificial intelligence on the performance of diplomacy.
Diplomatic Institution
– Cade Metz, (2023) “How Could Artificial Intelligence Destroy Humanity?”, The New York Times. Available at:
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/10/technology/ai-humanity.html (Accessed on: January 20, 2024). 1A
– Katrina E. Here and others, (2019). “Mapping the challenges and opportunities imposed by artificial intelligence on the performance of diplomacy.” Diplomacy Foundation. Please provide the text you would like me to translate.
– Gabriel Selini, Lorenzo Molina (2022), The Geopolitical Implications of Artificial Intelligence: Consequences for International Relations. Across
Website: https://mondointernazionale.org/focus-allegati/the-geopolitical-effects-of-artificial-intelligence-the-implications-on-international-relations
– Goldman Sachs, (2023). “The Generative World Order: Artificial Intelligence, Geopolitics, and Power.” Taken from:
https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/pages/:~:text=The%20emergence%20of%20generative%20AI,national%20defense%20and%20human%20culture (Accessed: January 20, 2024). 1b
– Radina Gigeva, (2017). “Who does Vladimir Putin think will rule the world?” Retrieved from: https://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/01/world/putin-artificial-intelligence-will-rule-world/index.html (Accessed: January 20, 2024). 1A
– Bloomberg News, (2023). “Xi vows victory in the tech battle after U.S. chip restrictions.” Retrieved from:
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– George Krassadakis, (2023), “How is Artificial Intelligence Changing the Global Geopolitical System?”, Medium. Retrieved from: https://medium.com/60-leaders/how-is-ai-changing-the-global-geopolitical-system-528e8ac29c1f (Accessed: January 20, 2024). 2b
– Gabriel Selini, Lorenzo Molina (2022): Op. cit.
– – Roberts, H., Cowles, J., Morley, J., Tadeo, M., Wang, V., and Floridi, L. (2021). The Chinese approach to artificial intelligence: Analysis of policy, ethics, and regulation. Artificial Intelligence and Society, 36(1), 59-77
– Generation, I. (2020). Whoever leads artificial intelligence in 2030 will rule the world until 2100. Taken from –
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2020/01/17/whoever-leads-in-artificial-intelligence-in-2030-will-rule-the-world-until-2100/.
– And you, K. (2020). Artificial Intelligence in the Chinese Military: Current Initiatives and Their Implications for India. The Observer Research Foundation
– Velez-Green, A. (2015). Foreign Policy Article: The South Korean Sentinel – The “Killer Robot” to Prevent War. Retrieved from https://www.lawfareblog.com/foreign-policy-essay-south-korean-sentry%E2%80%94-killer-robot-prevent-war
– Dix, A. (2018) Comprehensive Information Awareness in China: Second-Tier Challenges. Taken from https://www.lawfareblog.com/chinas-total-information-awareness-second-order-challenges.
– Gabriel Selini, Lorenzo Molina (2022): Op. cit.
– Gabriel Selini, Lorenzo Molina (2022): Op. cit.